A household's income can be calculated in various ways but the US Census as of 2009 measured it in the following manner: the income of every resident of that house that is over the age of 15, including pre-tax wages and salaries, along with any pre-tax personal business, investment, or...
While nearly 70% of households with incomes above 185% of the federal poverty line are in the mix cluster. Supermarket and superstore availability significantly influenced the likelihood of belonging to those clusters respectively, while having a child, higher income, and attitudes towards healthy ...
incorporating indicators like agricultural labor force size, family relationship, collective income, and clan size. Agricultural labor force size is collected through question F6.4a in the household questionnaire, which asks: “How many members of your household were engaged in agricultural...
Household Air Pollution (HAP) from burning biomass fuels is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in low-income settings worldwide. Little is known about the differences in objective personal HAP exposure by age and gender. We measured personal exposure to HAP across six groups defined by age...
The variable Relative income is the individual’s daily income as a share of the spouses’ total daily income. 16 Note that the observed agreement between spouses in terms of preferences and norms of behavior is not necessarily a sign of gender equality. As argued by Sen (1990), women’s ...
In contrast, Byker is likely to have very few high-end shops as a result of income being low – resulting in a reliance on state services, and the creation of what Edwina Curry saw as “food deserts”; meaning very little healthy food options due to the dominance of cheap, fast food ...
This study aims to identify household members’ income sharing, when the amount of said income is governed by a particular household member. The results are expected to provide insightful evidence that identifies who is under the poverty line within families. This will illustrate the intra-household...
as 113% (that is, more than doubled). This contributes to an increase in global household expenditure of between 2.7% and 4.8%. This is a huge shift, equivalent to a massive economic shock: households around the world have suddenly been required to find a few percent of extra income ...
Control variables included sex, age, residence, hukou, education level, marital status, income, chronic disease status, and smoking and drinking status. For the simple mediation model A (HAP → pain → disability), the analysis (see Table 3) revealed that HAP was positively related ...
Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Full size image Different activities, being comprised of distinct energy mix, also differently contributed to disaggregated energy inequity among individuals with different income levels. The impact of cooking activity to the CI of total energy ...