GI hormones activate a series of signal transduction pathways that result in specific biological responses by binding to cell-surface receptors, the majority of which are G-protein coupled. The action of gut peptides may occur through endocrine, paracrine (neurocrine), or autocrine pathways. ...
which stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones in order to maintain homeostasis. The hormones activate target cells, which initiate physiological changes that adjust the body conditions. When normal conditions have been recovered
By contrast, photorelease of caged IP3 initiates solely class 1 Ca2+ oscillations, and whereas this is a non-physiological stimulus, other physiological stimuli that act through IP3 but do not activate a Ca2+-sensitive PLC could still elicit [Ca2+]c oscillations through predominantly class 1 ...
In this system, G proteins activate the enzyme phospholipase C (PLC), which functions similarly to adenylyl cyclase. Once activated, PLC cleaves a membrane-bound phospholipid into two molecules: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). Like cAMP, DAG activates protein kinases that ...
Despite decades of successful clinical use and multi-billion-dollar annual sales, it remains poorly understood how glycoprotein hormones activate their receptors in host cells at an atomic level. In this article, we review the progress made by several groups, including ourselves, in the field of ...
The human body secretes and circulates some 50 different hormones. A wide variety of these chemical substances are produced by endocrine cells, most of which are in glands. The hormones then enter the blood system to circulate throughout the body and activate target cells. The endocrine system,...
WNTs, gremlin (GREM) and BMP, which are crucial for intestinal renewal and stem cell maintenance, are secreted by several subpopulations of mesenchymal cells, such as intraepithelial myofibroblasts, GLI family zinc finger 1 + (Gli1+) fibroblasts and telocytes [78]. Leptin receptors are ...
Jankowski M, Rachelska G, Donghao W, McCann SM, Gutkowska J (2001) Estrogen receptors activate atrial natriuretic peptide in the rat heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:11765–11770 ArticlePubMedCASGoogle Scholar Jilka RL, Hangoc G, Girasole G, Passeri G, Williams DC, Abrams JS, Boyce...
Activate androgen receptors (synthetic derivatives of testosterone) Stimulation of anabolism following severe trauma, infection, surgery, etc. Methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone Hypogonadism Delayed puberty in male individuals Metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal individuals Often misused to enhance ...
The hormone that initiates the signaling pathway is called a first messenger, which activates a second messenger in the cytoplasm, as illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2. The amino acid-derived hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta-adrenergic receptors on the plasma membrane of cells....