Horizontal cracks, bulging, or wall leaning is sometimes due to damage during construction, a condition that's actually pretty easy to recognize. Here we will describe the types & causes of horizontal cracks in
Horizontal cracks in reinforced brick or concrete block walls and in poured concrete walls can occur because of Wall movement such as bending or loading (footing settlement, tipping, leaning, frost pressure, earth pressure, etc.) SeeHORIZONTAL MOVEMENT IN FOUNDATIONS ...
When the refractory is hot, fine solids enter these cracks, and as the refractory cools the crack closes. In this way, the solids in the crack create sufficient local stress to cause the refractory to spall away from the surface. If sufficiently large, the spalled material can interrupt soli...
The reinforced concrete shaft of a RCW, commonly called caisson, used to be poured in-place and in sections (Spiridonoff1964). This tedious and time-consuming procedure has been replaced by using pre-fabricated rings (segments) of reinforced concrete which can be easily assembled on-site (Figs...
WSDOT (2005) Concrete panel / 0.4% in 3 m Welded wire / 1.3% in 3 m Wrapped face-permanent / 1.7% in 3 m Wrapped face-temporary / 2.5% in 3 m FHWA (2008), AASHTO (2009) all / 0.9%–4% NCMA (2009) Modular-block / 3.5% PWRC (2005) all 300 3% EN 14475 (2006) Modular-...
The high sulphate resistance and excellent flexural strength of HFPC have been studied in bridge concrete [6,7]. As an oil-well cement with great mechanical properties, HFOC has been studied in the field of horizontal well cementing, and studies have shown that the mechanical properties of H...