“Writing can be a solitary cognitive act of producing meaning for oneself, and writing can be a social act of producing meaning through negotiation with others. The very symbols that are used to express ideas, the manner in which the symbols are arranged, and the ways those symbols are inte...
reading instruction coupled with students repeatedly reading the same texts. Multiple reads allow students to focus their attention away from word-level reading to grasp the larger meaning of the text. Educators can also focus on students’ phrasing, pausing at punctuation, and reading with ...
In addition, Resources for Differentiating Instruction (RDI) provides word-based routines for teachers to use to support older, struggling learners. For example, the suffix, prefix, and roots routines are helpful in teaching challenged readers how to unlock the meaning of grade-level academi...
A qualitative evaluation of text, which looks at the levels of meaning in the text, the structure of the text, the conventionality and clarity of the language, and the knowledge demands that the content places on readers. A quantitative evaluation, which involves readability measures and other ca...
One model of measuring a text’s complexity involves three factors—qualitative; quantitative; and in consideration of reader, text, and task: A qualitative evaluation of text looks at the levels of meaning in the text, the text structure, the conventionality and clarity of the language, and ...
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Instruction in using morphemic analysis helps students develop more advanced word recognition strategies. When students understand the meaning of component morphemes and are able to quickly pronounce them as parts of longer words, the speed and accuracy of their reading improves (Nagy, 2005). Several...