International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects 指南主要阐述如何理解研究的伦理性和科学性;伦理审查,知情同意,弱势-作为个体,团体,社会和人群,女性受试者,风险和获益的公平性,对照组的选择,隐私权的保护,伤害赔偿,加强国家/地方的伦理审查能力,以及申办方有提供必要医疗服务的责任等...
The study was approved by a medical ethics committee of the Central Committee on Research involving Human Subjects. 2.2. Reference sample The reference sample was taken from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2, De Graaf et al., 2010a, De Graaf et al., 2012...
History of ethics - Western ethics from the beginning of the 20th century: As discussed in the brief survey above, the history of Western ethics from the time of the Sophists to the end of the 19th century shows three constant themes. First, there is the
In her 70s, and years after most people retire, Sanger achieved one of the greatest accomplishments of her career. As honorary president and chair of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, she drove the research and development of the century’s most revolutionary medical breakthrough — after ...
Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however, the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events long before the origin of humans. Here, we review how advances in our understanding of the genetic architectures of...
Archaeogenomic studies have largely elucidated human population history in West Eurasia during the Stone Age. However, despite being a broad geographical region of significant cultural and linguistic diversity, little is known about the population history in North Asia. We present complete mitochondrial ...
The Declaration was designed with a focus on clinical research. The Nuremberg Code is broader in scope, involving any and all experimentation involving human subjects. The Nuremberg Code also states that ''the voluntary consent of a human subject is absolutely essential,'' meaning that consent is...
In the 1960s and early ’70s, the Greatest Generation and the succeeding one, the baby boomers, were alienated from each other by a so-called “generation gap,” with a clash of values involving respect for authority, civil rights, clothing, sex, and recreational drugs, among other flash ...
While previous research has indicated a relationship between high altitude and relative lower limb proportions, much of this relationship is thought to be driven by nutritional and socioeconomic factors rather than high altitude hypoxia per se (e.g.9,64,65). Analyses initially included altitude, ...
This study relies on archeological remains previously excavated and incorporates neither new excavation endeavors nor research involving living human or animal subjects. Every newly reported ancient sample in this study has permission for analysis from custodians of the samples who are co-authors and who...