Clinicians should pay attention to ANA patterns and titer during the interpretation of this test.Key Points Defining the clinical relevance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) using indirect immunofluorescence assay in the context of diseases can be an important tool for the clinician in the diagnostic work...
The terms pathogenicity and virulence do not refer to the properties of infectiousness, infective titer, or transmissibility, only to the capacity to cause disease or damage in a host. Virulence is dependent upon many factors including the age, sex, species, and physical condition of the host ...
In addition, the viral titer needs to be as high as possible to ensure that the cells are infected with highly efficient viral particles. Moreover, the efficiency of viral particles drastically drops by almost 50% if repeatedly freeze-thawed. This is overcome by snap-freezing single-use of ...