(6%), soil vapor extraction (6%), thermal desorption (5%), solidification/stabilization (5%), permeable reactive barriers (4%), flushing (3%), off gas treatment (3%), soil washing (3%), phytoremediation (3%), multi-phase extraction (2%), pump and treat (2%), vitrification (2%), and ...
Therefore, more cerium has entered the ecosystem and accumulated in the environment, and this will eventually result in increased concentration of cerium in animals, human body, aquatic creatures, and soil particles (Online). The toxicity range of cerium compounds is found to be in low to ...
Around the world, the environment is heavily polluted by heavy metals, and soil and aquatic organisms are being adversely affected, causing serious impacts on human beings. Heavy metals persist long after they enter the ecosystem and are difficult to remove. The release of heavy-metal-rich ...
[7] showed that these methods were costly, sometimes ineffective, and disruptive; for example, soil washing alters sediment microbial communities making it difficult to re-use the treated soil [8]. Methods, such as ion-exchange and artificial membranes, generate end-waste material that requires ...
The bioaccumulative process leads to the pollution of air, water, and soil and eventually leads to adverse effects on humans. HMs have no rigorous definition on a scientific and chemical basis [2]. Generally, HMs have a density of over 5 g cm−3 (5 times >H2O), meaning a metal ...