The main normal heart sounds are the S1 and the S2 heart sound. The S3 can be normal, at times, but may be pathologic. A S4 heart sound is almost always pathologic. Heart sounds can be described by their intensity, pitch, location, quality and timing in the cardiac cycle. Intensity:Hea...
Our findings support the postulate that M, Tand the ejection sounds occur in association with closing or opening of valves with consequent sudden deceleration or acceleration of a column of blood that, in turn,...
diagnosing heart diseases, such as in ventricular septal defect (VSD) diagnosis8and several kinds of heart disease diagnosis9. Moreover, study9noted that the use of frequency features was more efficient in distinguishing normal from abnormal sounds than was the use of time features. Therefore, an...
Phonocardiography is the recording of heart sounds and murmurs. It is more precise than auscultation with a stethoscope because it provides a permanent visual record that can be used to obtain precise timing information and can be used as baseline data for comparison with later findings....
The findings of this review are beneficial for researchers, clinicians, and engineers in the development and application of AI‐based solutions for improved heart sound classification and diagnosis. 展开 关键词: HEART sounds ARTIFICIAL intelligence ARTIFICIAL hearts MACHINE learning DEEP learning ...
The four cardiac valves lie behind the body of thesternumalong a line that is nearly vertical. The location of the valves is, from above downwards, thepulmonary valve,aortic valve,mitral valveandtricuspid valve. Normalheart soundsare the result of abrupt apposition of valve cusps at the time ...
sinus arrhythmiacan be a normal finding. The pulse rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. Dropped beats or premature contractions may also be present. These findings are asymptomatic.Coarctation of the aortais associated with absent or weak femoral pulses. Simultaneous ...
She was in a dry-and-warm heart failure profile without leg oedema, jugular veinous distension, or cold extremities. Cardiac auscultation revealed a grade 2/6 systolic ejection murmur in the third left intercostal space w...
Innocent murmurs are produced by the blood flow in a structurally normal heart. They are also referred to as physiologic, benign, innocuous, or functional murmurs. Murmurs with a thrill, diastolic murmurs, or the presence of abnormal findings such as click usually suggest a pathologic murmur.13,...
Conversely, normal performance and body condition precludes the presence of severe cardiac disease. Heart murmurs and some types of cardiac arrhythmias are common in athletic horses and must be evaluated in relation to the history and physical examination findings; they may not be clinically relevant ...