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Metal such as iron has a Seebeck coefficient of around 19 μV/°C at 0 °C. Some materials can also have a negative Seebeck coefficient. For example, constantan has a Seebeck coefficient of −35 μV/°C at 0 °C. It is important to note that these specified values of the Seebeck ...
China has been the largest producer of copper for 12 years, and more than 8,440,000 tons of copper metal was produced in China in 2016. Most copper is produced by the pyrometallurgical processes. The oxygen bottom blown copper smelting process is a newly developed intensified smelting process,...
HIC sensitivity of base metal is the lowest due to its fine homogeneous grain structure, small hydrogen diffusion coefficient, and small hydrogen diffusion rate. There are many hydrogen traps in annealed steel, such as the two-phase interface which provides accommodation sites for H atoms and ...