Explicit formula for the optimal government debt ceiling Ann. Oper. Res., 247 (2) (2016), pp. 415-449, 10.1007/s10479-015-2052-9 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar Chen et al., 2020 Z. Chen, Z.G. He, C. Liu The financing of local government in China: stimulus loan wanes and shadow ...
Consumption t + 1 can be expressed as the observable variables (Xh) and the functions of error terms containing shock factors (eh). The formula for consumption t + 1 is as follows (Eq.5): $${C}_{h,t+1}=f\left({X}_h,{\alpha}_h,{e}_h\right)$$ (5) The estimation...
To determine the maximal budget set forxandn, we first reorganize the constraints. From the last constraint in (1), it follows that\(g=\frac{n-bt(y-E)}{a-bDt}\). Then, the constraint\(g\ge 0\)implies\(E\ge y-\frac{n}{bt}\). Substituting the expression forginto the first c...
the formula (t1-t2)/average(t1, t2) to calculate per- cent change for this and other time trends in this paper. A decrease in labor inputs to a task over time can have many explanations, including structural changes to the occupation and changes in cus...
This type of spending is usually formula-based and thus is more difficult to manipulate. Therefore, we expect no significant relationship. The results in Table A.6 of the Appendix reveal that, indeed, party discipline plays no role in the distribution of non-discretionary spending. Finally, we...
What is the formula for the government multiplier? Suppose a government has no debt and a balanced budget. Suddenly, it decides to spend $10 billion while raising only $8 billion worth of taxes. What will be the government's deficit? Which fiscal policy measure do you think is ...
afrom options for a proposed computer application. 从选择为提出的计算机应用。[translate] a式子18 Formula 18[translate] aAbstract:The economic offerings transfer from goods。commodity,service to experience.The evolution of economy type also experienced agricultural economy,industrial economy,service economy...
Under a financial budget g, we consider the following model: (31) In practice, the quadratic formula is adopted to acquire the maximum value of k with regard to the inequality in model (31). 4. Two-Layer Model This section deals with a two-layer decision model in which the manufacturer...
The carbon emission permit price can be defined in the following formula:(3)Bt=γ*Ft,where Bt describes the price of carbon emission permit in the t year, γ is a parameter indicating the link between price of carbon emission and gasoline price, and Ft is the gasoline price in China ...
The formula itself is complex, but the main determinants of the EFC are the student's status as dependent upon (or independent of) their parents, their family income, and their family size.h,i Once the EFC is computed, a student's “need” is defined as the difference between the cost...