We found that greater defeatist performance beliefs were associated with higher risk for depression, mania, and psychosis. Using multilevel modeling, we found that greater defeatist performance beliefs predicted less goal progress, effort expenditure, and pleasure from goal pursuit. Together, these ...
The present study tested the possible utilization of the forced swim test (FST) as a model for the heightened vigor and goal-directed behavior domain of mania, using mice with low baseline immobility. Methods Black Swiss mice were previously identified to have low immobility in the FST but ...
A large literature has shown that parallel and interacting circuits control goal-directed and habitual behaviour: the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) mediates goal-directed behavior while the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) mediates habitual responding [37, 42,43,44]. However, it is unknown exactly how these...
Motivation refers to an aspect of the psyche that drives and directed behavior . It pushes us to behave in a way that will bring us closer to our goal. Based on its source, there are two types of motivation: intrinsic ...