As a metabolic pathway, glycolysis produces ATP through oxygen-independent enzymatic reactions from glucose [41]. During glycolysis process, lactate is a ubiquitous intermediate. Accumulating evidence indicates that lactate is associated with multiple diseases, including tumor progression [42, 43]. In ...
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), as the first enzyme in glycolysis that produces ATP, includes two forms of PGK, the extensively expressed form PGK-1 and the testis-expressed form PGK-2. It has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that PGK-1 is highly expressed in PDAC [144]. Interestingly,...
Glycolysis produces ATP slower than respiration (per protein mass) and is beneficial for rendering cells robust to hypoxia.Nature Publishing Group USNature Chemical Biology
It is now clear that dividing cells upregulate glucose metabolism to meet the biosynthetic demands of proliferation [4]. Even though glycolysis produces limited ATP, this metabolic program supports the necessary pathways for de novo lipid, nucleotide, and amino acid synthesis with great efficiency. Th...
All of the following are true for glycolysis except: a. it requires oxygen. b. it produces two pyruvates. c. it requires NAD+. d. it occurs in the cytoplasm. Protons diffuse down their concentration gradient and lose energy that is used to produce ATP through a process called ...
Definition Glycolysis refers to the metabolic pathways using carbohydrates as a source of carbon, energy, and electrons. In anaerobic conditions, glycolysis can be the only source of ATP through the substrate-level phosphorylation mechanism. The diversity of glycolytic pathways includes the Embden-Meyerho...
This is because compared to OXPHOS, glycolysis produces less ATP but at a faster rate. Therefore, at the same time, glycolysis can produce more ATP to provide energy for the life activities of tumor cells [70]. Besides, various intermediate products produced during the glycolysis process are ...
A leading explanation is that glycolysis is more efficient in terms of ATP production per unit mass of protein (that is, faster). Through quantitative flux analysis and proteomics, we find, however, that mitochondrial respiration is actually more proteome efficient than aerobic glycolysis. This is ...
In response to inflammatory stimuli, iNOS produces amounts of nitric oxide (NO), which is considered as a key process in the demyelination in both peripheral and central nervous system [35,36,37,38]. NO exerts pro-inflammatory functions via cytotoxicity [39], mitochondrial respiration inhibition...
In general, glycolysis produces less ATP than oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria; however, ATP generation is more rapid, which is suitable for the energy demands of aggressively proliferating cancer cells. An enhanced glycolytic pathway is also advantageous for cancer cells to survive under ...