It is often said that the science behind CO2 enhanced global warming is simple and settled. However, calculating the top of the atmosphere ‘radiative forcing’ of CO2 is really not that straightforward at all. First you need to assume an initial temperature profile in the atmosphere and then ...
全球升温1.5摄氏度会摧毁至少70%的珊瑚礁，但是如果升温2摄氏度，超过99%的珊瑚礁都会死亡。这对于依赖珊瑚觅食和栖息的鱼群是一个毁灭性打击。Warming of 2°C, versus 1.5°C, would also increase the impact on food production.全球升温由1.5摄氏度到2摄氏度还会加大对粮食生产的影响。'If you have cro...
Fig. 4: Control of temperature versus precipitation on CIA. a,bBoxplots of CIA grouped by zones of MAT (a, interval of 2 °C) and MAP (b, interval of 0.2 m/yr). The notch of each box displays the variability of the median: if the notches of both boxes do not overlap, ...
A simple OD-model provides an estimate of the responses of the global annual average surface temperature to the increase of greenhouse gases and of aerosols. The albedo increase is estimated under the assumption that the additional aerosol production leads to a proportional increase in available ...
4 Testing the land versus the ocean warming Surface-based temperature records imply that the GCM group with low ECS performs better than those with medium and high ECS, which suggests that the most likely ECS value should be equal or lower than 3 ∘C. However, UAH-MSU-lt implies that ev...
(a) LnRR of yield versus ΔCO2 for barley; (b) LnRR of yield versus MAT (mean annual temperature) for maize; (c) LnRR of yield versus MAP (mean annual precipitation) for rice. The bubbles represent the response ratios of individual observations, with bubble sizes indicating the weights of...
Unlike the GWP, which is a measure of the heat absorbed over a given time period due to emissions of a gas, the GTP is a measure of the temperature change at the end of that time period relative to CO2. The calculation of the GTP is more complicated than that for the GWP, based ...
The temperature at which a fuel, when cooled, begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance caused by the bonding of paraffins. CME Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Also known in the energy industry as "the Merc." CMP Most petrochemical trade in China is carried out basis China Main Port...
It has been found that runoff and temperature are the most important climate variables which determine the strength of weathering fluxes (Hartmann et al., 2009, 2014). Equation 1 condenses this finding into a dependency of CO2 to be easily applicable in simple models. The chosen values for n...
Notes: Sharing the remaining carbon budget to have 83% chances to stay below 1.5∘C global temperature increase implies an estimated annual GHG per capita emissions near 1.9 tonnes per person per year between 2021 and 2050 (and zero CO2 emissions afterwards). Emission levels present regional per...