where P is pressure, g is the local gravitational acceleration, z is geometric height, Φ is the gravitational potential, ζ is geopotential height, and g0 is the reference gravity used to define ζ. The use of
wind/ latitude 80degS to 80degNzonal mean climatologyThe new zonal mean COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA-86) of temperature, zonal wind, and geopotential/geometric height is presented. This data can be used as a function of altitude or pressure and has nearly pole-to-pole coverage...
Then, we use a simple geometric approach in order to put clock measurements in regions where the gravity data coverage is poor. Since the potential varies smoothly compared to the gravity field, a clock measurement is affected by masses at a larger distance than in the case of a gravimetric ...
The Mascon data are represented in the form of equivalent water height Δh(θ,λ,t) on a 0.5 degree longitude-latitude grid but representing the equal-area geodesic grid of size 1 × 1 degree at the equator. The surface density for this thin layer is Δσ(θ,λ,t) = ρwΔ...
Height reference systemGeoid fittingIn GNSS, 3D geometric position is calculated with high accuracy. This position is the ellipsoidal latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height [equation]with respect to WGS84 coordinates system. These...doi:10.1007/s13369-017-2912-5...
GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHTTables containing computed values of geopotential versus geometric altitude from 0 to 10,000 km for various latitudesMello, SNASA (non Center Specific)Minzner, R. AMinzner, R.A., and Mello, S.: Geopotential versus Geometric Altitude from 0 to 10,000 Kilometers for Various ...
For the evaluation, the geometric leveling points and ellipsoidal height raised in one of the IGM projects were used to determine atypical values, calculate the mean square error (RMSE) and define the precision and scale at which the different ones can be used. The heights ...
Values of geopotential height (Z) and acceleration due to gravity (g) at 40° latitude for geometric height (z) z (km)Z (km)g (m s−2) 0 0 9.81 1 1.00 9.80 10 9.99 9.77 100 98.47 9.50 500 463.6 8.43 In meteorological practice it is not convenient to deal with the density of...
In Period 2 the clock CB was transported to Lab1 from Lab2, and the zero-baseline measurement was conducted. The height difference between Lab1 and Lab2 is 22.2 m. During each Period, the clock comparisons between the fixed clock CA and the portable clock CB,ΔCAB (ΔCAB=CB-CA)were ...
This result is consistent with the geometric measurement results within the error range, thereby validating the reliability of height difference measurement using optical clocks. 2. Method 2.1. Theoretical Principles Based on the gravitational red-shift effect, it is feasible to transform the frequency ...