Meaning These items, which have been used to measure gender diversity in childhood, do not reflect gender identity and, despite these associations, should not be used to infer sexual orientation; more accurate measures should be developed that are asked of children and young people directly. Abstra...
Cognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cog...
This study investigates whether gender-typed behaviors are associated with two aspects of school adjustment—engagement and attachment. The analysis uses a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students in US schools in 1995 (n = 6,349 girls and 5,954 boys). Ordinary leas...
Cognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cog...
(2) Gender-typed sports evaluation: The participants were asked to rate each of the initially screened sports items on a 10-point Likert scale. The masculine names “Yu Minghui” and “Fan Kunhong” and the feminine names “Du Huimin” and “Wang Yuexuan” were selected as typical male an...
it has been suggested by some researchers that attainment of gender identity has important implications for the adoption and maintenance of sex-typed behavior. However, as children become older, develop more complex identities, and become embedded in more complex social worlds, it is believed that ...
Early research and theorizing assumed a threshold approach to influence, meaning that after having spent a certain amount of time with same-sex peers, children gained gender-related experiences and further exposure did not add incrementally to the effects of the threshold level of exposure. More ...
Learning more about trans-related and intersecting factors within a broader context, including oppressive forces and concurrent stressors, also played an important role in their process of meaning-making and self-understanding (Clark et al., Citation2020; Katz-Wise et al., Citation2020; McGowan et...
The principle of Occam's Razor raises doubt that both theories can be valid, which would imply that ordinary sex-typed gender development requires a knife-edged balance between maternal and paternal influence. Psychodynamic theories of homosexual causation were challenged on several points. First, ...
The final sex*gender model did not explain significant vari- ance, meaning that no sex*gender variable in the hier- archical models significantly predicted performances [F(9, 200) = 0.855, p = 0.567, R2 = 0.037]. Covariates in the Model 6 did increase p = 0.148, R2...