LCA定量计算并评价产品消耗的资源与能源,以及排放的环境负荷,通常会评估多种环境影响类型,包括资源类、气候变化类、大气环境类、水体及土壤毒性类等指标,其中企业核算产品碳足迹的LCA尤为常见。 LCA系统边界的选择一般为“摇篮到坟墓”(cradletograve)或者“摇篮到大门”(cradletogate),前者适用于研究对象为终
The definition of system boundary is an important step in LCA, which includes four types: cradle-to-grave,cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-cradle, and gate-to-gate. The production of biochar (or activated carbon) from agro-residues throughpyrolysisis generally classified as cradle-to-grave or cradle...
LCA case study. Part 2: environmental footprint and carbon tax of cradle-to-gate for composite and stainless steel I-beamsCarbon taxCradle-to-gateEconomic impactEnvironmental footprintPurposePart 1 of this research investigated environmental footprint for the cradle-to-grave of a linear metre I-...
The development of the ISO 14040–14043 series of standards has placed LCA on a disciplined footing. The general framework is illustrated in Fig. 8.7 and, when fully implemented, can be described as a ‘cradle to grave’ approach (Fig. 8.8). The term ‘cradle to grave’ is used to signi...
To assess the full life cycle impact for any product, a cradle-to-grave LCA is required and should include the upstream processes, downstream manufacturing, use stage, recycling and end-of-life processes. For the purposes of this LCIA, which focuses on primary aluminium production, only cradle...
Cradle-to-cradle design Cradle-to-cradle philosophy Cradle-to-gate Cradle-to-grave Cradle-to-grave analysis Cradle-to-grave or manifest system cradling craft craft apprenticeship Craft Guild Craft School Craft Union Craft, Sports Craft, The
LCA studies have three main approaches, cradle-to-factory gate, cradle-to-cradle and cradle-to-grave [109]. In the cradle-to-factory (C2F) approach, the life of a product is assessed partially, i.e. from extraction to the factory gate, but in the cradle-to-grave (C2G) approach, the...
To do this in an objective way, this should be done using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach cf. ISO 14040–14044 [22,23]. Preferably, the whole life cycle of the material, from the cradle-to-grave so to say, should be studied under this premise. However, when developing new ...
to-grave life cycle. By focusing on cradle-to-gate, we shift the focus to the upstream emissions associated with the production of biochar, for which cradle-to-grave analyses can be developed. We assessed three alternative harvest residue scenarios to compare to the BAU harvest residue ...
A cradle-to-grave approach was presented by Das (2011) (FU = 1 kg). Williams Portal et al. (2015) investigated textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) as a building material in a cradle-to-gate LCA (FU = 1 m2), with carbon fiber and steel reinforcement also being part of the ...