The invention discloses an alcohol and gasoline mixed liquid fuel for vehicles, which comprises the following constituents (by volume percentage): gasoline 10-90%, alcohols mixture 7-89%, petroleum ether 1-10%. The alcohols mixture is the mixture of methanol and ethanol, the content of ethanol...
As the basic elements of crude oil, hydrogen and carbon form the main input into a refinery, combining into thousands of individual constituents, the economic recovery of these constituents varies with the individual petroleum according to its particular individual qualities, and the processing facilitie...
by the same software with the help of the built-in program, which calculated the heat release rate based on an equation derived from the concept of the first law of thermodynamics44. An AVL Digas emission analyzer was employed to determine the constituents (HC, CO, and NO) of exhaust gas...
automobile and aviation gasolines are characterized mainly by general quality parameters[3]. Moreover, thephysicochemical propertiesof gasoline vary depending on the application. The distillation range of natural gasoline is from 40 to 200 °C. The hydrocarbon constituents at the mentioned boiling range...
respectively. The reaction occurred by keeping all the tubes in darkness for 1 h. Afterwards, the absorbance was read at the wavelength of 517 nm by means of a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent 8453, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The results were expressed as the percentage of antiradical activit...
It is well known that the three primary gaseous constituents, or pollutants, which contribute to air pollution due to auto exhaust are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned or incompletely burned hydrocarbons (i.e., hydrocarbon components originally present in the gasoline fue...
Because hydroxyl radicals, which are ethanol’s fundamental constituents, are polar and carbon chains, which are non-polar, ethanol may readily dissolve in both non-polar (like gasoline) and polar substances (like water). The ecological and regenerative qualities of ethanol make it a popular ...
In the cracking process the more easily crackable constituents of the oil naturally tend to crack in preference to more difficultly crackable or refractory constituents. The unconverted oil is therefore more refractory than the original feed. This oil, referred to as catalytic gas oil, is sometimes...
(methane and ethane) and, on the other hand, the hydrocarbon phase comprising the constituents having a molar mass higher than that of ethane and exiting at the bottom of the stabilization column. This hydrocarbon phase is sent to a zone for washing with water in order to remove the ...
are used in dispersed phase riser reaction zones alone or in combination with dense catalyst phase reaction zones. Most of these composite catalysts consist of a small percentage (5 to 20%) of the crystalline zeolite in a larger percentage of an amorphous cracking catalyst such as silica-alumina...