The radiation has a dual nature, that of a wave and a particle with zero mass at rest. It was Albert Einstein who first demonstrated the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation when he explained the photoelectric effect. He thus discovered the elementary particle known as the photon, which is...
characteristic radiation; 2. negative ion (the photo electron); and 3. a positive ion (an atom deficient one electron). Under the photoelectron conditions, the probability of occurrence of such an event will be as follows: 1. The incident photon must have sufficient energy to overcome the bin...
Long-term study of solar radiation regimes in a tropical wet forest using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography Daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was monitored for 1 year in the understorey of a tropical wet forest along a transect extending from a tree......
The circuit of Figure 1 includes a PIN photodiode that detects individual photons of gamma radiation. When a photon strikes a depletion region created by reverse bias on the photodiode, it produces a small amount of charge in proportion to the photon's energy. The resulting signal is then am...
The accretion flow onto the black hole mainly produces radiation in the visible and ultraviolet band (forming the so-called 'big blue bump' in the source spectrum). The energy of the visible–ultraviolet photons, 1–30 eV, is too low to affect the source flux in the observed range of γ...
Monochromatic γ-radiation emitted by a relativistic electron moving in a carbon nanotube We consider the spontaneous emission of a relativistic electron moving inside a single-layer carbon nanotube and interacting without delay with the screene... VV Klimov,VS Letokhov - 《Physics Letters A》 被...
(28) The neutrino luminosity for each νi species for a blackbody neutrino gas can also be written as L νi ( Rνi ) = 4π Rν2i 7 16 a Tν4i ( Rνi ), (29) where a = 0.663 is the radiation constant in natural units. Using Eqs. (25), (27), (28) and (29) we ...
8 Absorption of the gamma-ray emission on the radiation field of the photosphere and collision with it. Assumed parameters: vsh = 4500 km s−1, Rph = 200 R. Temperature of the photosphere is Tph = 10780 K, 9490 K, 8460 K and 7680 K for the time after the nova onset: 1 d (...
The radiation shielding parameters have been found to vary with gamma-ray energy and effective atomic number for these organic compounds under present investigations.doi:10.1016/j.cjph.2020.03.009Mohinder SinghAkash TondonBhajan SinghB.S. Sandhu...
γ-Rays represent electromagnetic radiation emitted from excited atomic nuclei of unstable atoms, the so-called radionuclides, as an integral part of the process whereby the nucleus rearranges itself into a state of lower excitation (i.e., lower energy content). A γ-ray is a packet of electr...