Restriction of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in 1990 resulted in a shift toward the use of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), which remain unregulated in most countries, including Taiwan. Self-reported GBL and 1,4-BD use are less common than...
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB),gamma-butyrolactone(GBL), and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are known substances of abuse. As GHB prodrugs, 1,4-BD and GBL’s effects are expected to be similar to those of GHB. The acute and chronic effects of these three compounds were evaluated for cataleptic ...
Define gamma-butyrolactone. gamma-butyrolactone synonyms, gamma-butyrolactone pronunciation, gamma-butyrolactone translation, English dictionary definition of gamma-butyrolactone. n. Abbr. GBL A chemical that has many industrial uses, especially as a sol
Medical and legal confusion surrounding gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD). The silent "G": a case study in the production of "drugs" and "drug problems" A case of withdrawal from the GHB precursors gamma-butyrolactone and 1...
Coma and respiratory depression following the ingestion of GHB and its precursors: three cases. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a product of the metabolism of both gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an... M Ingels,C Rangan,J Bellezzo,.....
Interestingly, 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 2 GHB precursor molecules, are used extensively in chemical manufacturing. In the year 2001, it is estimated that the United States' industrial consumption of 1,4-BD will be an astonishing 387,000 metric tons. Major ...
Because clinicians in psychiatric units are increasingly confronted with cases of severe withdrawal conditions related to the abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ], the authors wa...
The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms comprising 1,4-butanediol (14-BDO) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) pathways comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a 1
Table 1 provides an overview of published case reports with determined GHB brain concentrations where ingestion of GHB or one of its two biological precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD) contributed to or were the main cause of death. The sampled brain region was ...
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and its precursors 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are known drugs of abuse. The ability of acute and chronic administration of equimolar doses of GHB (200 mg/kg), 1,4-BD (174 mg/kg) and GBL (166 mg/kg) to produce catalepsy in...