The cell membrane consists of a double-layered structure (sometimes called the "fluid mosaic model") composed mainly of phospholipids. One of these layers faces the interior of the cell, or cytoplasm, while the other faces the external environment. The outward- and inward-facing sides are consid...
Essentially, a cell membrane is the outermost barrier that separates the internal contents of a cell in the cytoplasm from the external environment (e.g. separates the internal environment of the cell from the extracellular matrix or forms the boundary between neighboring cells). It's thin and f...
Prokaryotes also have a cell wall external to the cell membrane, as do plants. In eukaryotes, the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus, which has its own plasma membrane very similar to the one surrounding the cell itself. The Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane of cells consists of aphospholipid b...
membrane-bound organelles) theenzymesthat catalyze the individual steps involved in respiration and energy conservation are located in highly organized rod-shaped compartments calledmitochondria. In microorganisms the enzymes occur as components of thecellmembrane. Alivercell has about 1,000 mitochondria; ...
This leads to membrane depolarization which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and an increase in calcium influx into the cell. The high intracellular calcium ions result in exocytosis of the secretory granule containing insulin and C-peptide.3 Table 2. Factors influencing insulin secretion ...
Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 19–30 (2010). This study demonstrates a role for specific GTPasesin the regulation of EVs. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Fotheringham, J. A. & Raab-Traub, N. Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 2 induces autophagy to promote abnormal acinus formation. ...
The influence of short-term intensive insulin therapy on β-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes; 初诊2型糖尿病短期胰岛素强化治疗后胰岛β细胞功能的动态变化 2. Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone on peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell function in patients with simple obesity; ...
Chemical probes are selective small-molecule modulators, usually inhibitors, of their target protein’s function, that can be used in cell or even animal studies to interrogate the functions of their target proteins. Cheryl Arrowsmith, the leader of a new initiative called Target 2035, which seeks...
Simple Epithelium Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane. Simple epithelial tissue lines body cavities and tracts. Simple epithelial ...
of self-reactive T cells. The majority of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the inflamed RA synovium are fully differentiated DCs expressing high levels of class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and several T-cell costimulatory molecules.34In summary, the role of DCs in the ...