Here we examined the response of astrocytes to GBS infection using RT-qPCR and found that infection resulted in the induction of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1尾, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-36 as well as factors that promote cell motility and BBB breakdown such as...
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Hunting
Reactive astrocytes function as phagocytes after brain ischemia via ABCA1-mediated pathway. Nat Commun (2017) 8(1):28. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00037-1Morizawa YM, Hirayama Y, Ohno N, Shibata S, Shigetomi E, Sui Y, Nabekura J, Sato K, Okajima F, Takebayashi H (2017) Reac- tive ...
Astrocytes are the largest population of glial cells in the CNS and were traditionally viewed as only structural elements supporting brain structure (Hence their name, meaning “glue” in Greek [7].). However, it is now obvious that astrocytes have many other important functions in the CNS. Pr...
Disruption of β-amyloid (Aβ) homeostasis is the initial culprit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Astrocytes respond to emerging Aβ plaques by altering their phenotype and function, yet molecular mechanisms governing astrocytic response and t
Pericytes are vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of blood microvessels. They extend their processes along capillaries, pre-capillary arterioles and post-capillary venules. CNS pericytes are uniquely positioned in the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons....
▲ Neurons (green), astrocytes (red), and cell nuclei (blue) in the brains of pigs. On left, brain tissue left untreated for 10 hours after death; right, brain tissue subjected to the experiment. Those that received the control solution turned within hours to what researchers described as ...
astrocytes do not show a more activated state with region or age. Across all glia, sex differences are subtle but the consistent increased expression of protein-folding genes in male donors hints at pathways that may contribute to sex differences in disease susceptibility. These findings are essenti...
In summary, studies have zeroed in on functions that are specific to the microglia, such as complement-mediated destruction of synapses, engulfment of live neurons and activation of astrocytes. Like macrophages in other tissues, microglia also phagocytose and clear extracellular protein aggregates and...
Virtually all activity-induced, long-lasting adaptations of brain functions require a dialogue between synapses and the nucleus that results in changes in gene expression. Calcium signals that are induced by synaptic activity and propagate into the nucleus are a major route for synapse-to-nucleus ...