Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection literature clearly defines semantic shift as a sign of OOD but does not have a consensus over covariate shift. Samples experiencing covariate shift but not semantic shift from the in-distribution (ID) are either excluded from the test set or treated ...
With distributed transceivers and scalable cooperative transmission, cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) technology eliminates the “cells” of traditional mobile communications, thereby significantly improving the performance of wireless networks. CF-mMIMO is considered as a major ...
The yellow and cyan regions indicate the gain and loss of electronic charge respectively, with an isosurface of 0.008 e/Å3. Ga, blue; N, yellow; and Ru, salmon. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Full size image X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out to ...
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High-throughput DNA sequencing enables detection of copy number variations (CNVs) on the genome-wide scale with finer resolution compared to array-based methods but suffers from biases and artifacts that lead to false discoveries and low sensitivity. We
Fuel IDPetroleumProduct Pipeline Interface Detection by NIR SpectroscopyPetroleum product pipelines provide an efficient method of delivering product to distribution terminals. These multi-purpose pipelines deliver many different fuels often injected into the pipeline in a sequential fashion with no phys...
Bugs in the caller service which passes wrong features or incorrect units to the model (garbage in results in garbage out) Unexpected change in an upstream feature definition Distribution changes of input features (Covariate Shift) Distribution changes of output labels (Label Shift) ...
Consistent with the demographic breakdown of Qatar, the majority of families were of Arab descent (58%), followed by South Asian (25%), European (7%), African (5%), and other ethnicities. In total, 44 out of 100 families (44%) were consanguineous (Additional file 2: Figure S2 and ...
Furthermore, PaCoSIF adopts a hard fusion strategy rather than a soft one because the latter would cause significant interference to PU detection by transmitting large amounts of raw data. As for hard decision fusion, the most common fusion rule is "K out of M" [23]. The OR rule adopted...
Multimer detection system-oligomeric amyloid-β (MDS-OAβ) is a measure of plasma OAβ, which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. However, the relationship between MDS-OAβ and disease severity of AD is not clear. We aimed to investigate MDS-OAβ levels in different sta...