Beyond mechanisms for public domain reporting and oversight by mandated national audit and parliamentary bodies, ongoing debates also need to address the risk of corruption in pandemic financing, whether in the form of bribes, embezzlement, fraudulent contracts, inflated pricing, insider trading or diver...
At the same time, an increasing number of countries are experiencing public debt distress (UNCTAD Citation2023). All the above-mentioned factors raise the question of governments acting as strategic investors, and the various policy tools and coordination across policy domains (e.g. fiscal and ...
The world fleet capacity exceeding 2.1 billion DWT, with about 0.9 billion DWT thereof attributable to dry bulk carriers, in 2021 shows a growth trend (UNCTAD 2021). Recently, the bulk shipping sector has experienced faster growth than the overall shipping sector, which is reflected by the incre...
UNCTAD. Expropriation. UN. 2012. https://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d7_en.pdf. Last Accessed 12 Jun 2019. Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The trans-Pacific partnership agreement and health: few gains, some losses, many risks. Glob Health. 2016;12:25. Article Google Scholar ...
Rice cultivation in Sub-Saharan Africa produces a negative externality in the form of higher malaria risk. Larval source management, such as the application of bio-larvicides in rice fields, is available to mitigate the problem. However, the cost of larv
The United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Review of Maritime Transport (2015), p.39 Cooperative agreements between shipping lines in the form of alliances to improve supply chain cost performance is a fundamental issue present in the industry. Excess vessel capacity, downward pre...
the virus resides in the upper respiratory tract leading to an innate immune response that is mild and requires conservative symptomatic therapy. The remaining 20% of cases experience a much severe form of the disease; the virus diffusely invades and destroys lung alveolar cells, leading to a sy...
, United Nations, New York and Geneva (December) http://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdp20101_en.pdf(open in a new window) (Open in a new window)Google Scholar United Nations. (2019). International Migration 2019. In United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division...
UNCTAD. Now 8 billion and counting: where the world’s population has grown most and why that matters. UNCTAD Prosperity for all. 2022. Available from:https://unctad.org/data-visualization/now-8-billion-and-counting-where-worlds-population-has-grown-most-and-whyCited 2023 Feb 3 ...
existing evidence show that regardless of its form, selective financing conflicts with the universality character of health financing equity [96,97]. For example, a study undertaken in sub-Saharan Africa illustrate that many countries applied the strategy of selective financing in the form of selectiv...