Understanding the mechanistic effects of novel immunotherapy agents is critical to improving their successful clinical translation. These effects need to be studied in preclinical models that maintain the heterogenous tumor microenvironment (TME) and dys
As bypass signaling is a common form of resistance to kinase inhibitors, we sought to identify potential kinases that are activated in ASK120067-resistant cells. We performed a human phospho-RTK array and compared the differential expression of 71 tyrosine kinases in parental and resistant NCI-H197...
For this purpose, the trophoblast cell line BeWo, mimicking a CTB cell line, was first induced with forskolin to undergo differentiation into multinucleated syncytia to form a syncytiotrophoblast like layer [18]. Successful differentiation was confirmed by a strong increase of secreted. Fig. 1 ...
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors complex and diverse microbes that act as a key factor in maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal microenvironment [1]. It is estimated that approximately 1013–1014 bacterial cells from more than 1000 different species are present in gut, which form a ...
form a circular DNA molecule. In barcode-targeted sequencing, the padlock probe contains a barcode sequence and only one breakpoint, so the formation of circular DNA undergoes only the ligation of the breakpoint. Rolling-circle amplification of the circularized DNA generates a rolling-circle ...
(LOAD) is the common form of the disease with heterogenous genetic etiologies [1,2]. The complex genetic architecture of LOAD has been studied over the past 3 decades (see Lambert et al. [3] for review). The e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOEe4) was the first, strongest,...
Phosphorylation is another form of histone PTM which is highly dynamic. It takes place on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, and predominantly happens in the histone N-terminal tail, being controlled by the competing actions of kinases and phosphatases [77,78]. As an essential part of the...
analysis, and only their direct targets in the co-expression modules are kept to form the regulons. Finally, binarized scores are calculated to indicate TF’s activity in each cell. The other methods, including SCODE [249] and SINCERITIES [250], take advantage of the pseudo-temporal ...
For example, in breast cancer tissue: (1) the “sulfatase pathway” and “aromatase pathway” are upregulated, thereby providing a steady stream of precursors for estrogen synthesis in the form of inactive steroid sulfates or androgens, respectively, and (2) the reductive 17-β-hydroxysteroid ...
Oral infection with cysts is the main transmission route of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which leads to lethal intestinal inflammation. It has been widely recognized that T. gondii infection alters the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota,