In humans, several clinical trials highlight the relevance of sex differences in the RAAS. In fact, a recent prospective cohort study indicates that women require lower doses of ACE inhibitors for heart failure treatment than men [57]. Also, the neprilysin (NEP) inhibitor sacubitril, which de...
However, non-hemodynamic mechanisms have also been proposed as sources of CRS type I, including sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and RAAS activation, chronic inflammation, and an imbalance in the proportion of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nitric oxide (NO) production [5]. Fig. 2 Classification...
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D], which includes both 25 (OH)D2 and 25 (OH)D3, is the main form of vitamin D in the bloodstream and is used as an indicator to assess vitamin D levels [5]. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread, and the use of vitamin D supplements has become ...
The influence of E2 leads to alterations in mechanisms regulating the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), body mass, oxidative stress, endothelial function and salt sensitivity. Figure 2 showed that the disease risk in men was higher than in women. This...
system development by suppressing the Wnt signaling pathway [180]. In studies related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), it has been observed that indole sulfate reduces the vascular protective effects of RAAS inhibitors in CKD patients by inhibiting the NOX/PKC/eNOS pathway [181]. Indole-3-...
interact with allosteric sites of GPCR, which affects the orthosteric ligands [4,5,6]. In addition to classical allostery, allosteric regulation has many other forms, such as the activation mode of biased ligands and dimers. The phenomenon that GPCRs preferentially form a certain conformation and...
Current treatments for diabetic nephropathy focus mainly on two approaches: intensive insulin therapy for glycemic control and RAAS blockade (using ACE inhibitors or ARBs) to reduce renal damage caused by glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration [4]. Despite these efforts, many patients progress to...
Newly generated RNA needs to bind to protein N to form a nucleocapsid for stability; protein N also plays an important role in the normal replication and transcription of gRNA [2]. Therefore, drugs targeting protein N, such as fibronectin-based intrabodies and the inhibitors PJ34 and resveratro...
commonly used in the treatment of several underlying comorbidities of HFpEF, including hypertension, ischemic heart disease and arrhythmia, among others [67]. However, with the exception of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, [68] clinical trials investigating the impact of RAAS modulation and β-...
The active form of TGF-β binds to TGF-β receptor 2 (TGFR2), which subsequently recruits and activates TGFR1, triggering downstream Smad signaling pathways [29]. The TGF-β signaling pathway has multiple functions in the mammalian ovary. It regulates the recruitment of primordial follicles and...