Unsafe injection facilitates the circulation of HBV among PWID, regardless of their infection status, as well as the broader population, through the sexual partners of PWID, acting as a potential bridging population [9]. Existing evidence suggests that the prevalence of HBsAg (i.e., a marker ...
Tests for Anti-HCV, though they may come in the rapid form of LFAs, cannot determine active infection. Thus, after Anti-HCV testing, which can take from 20 min to 3 days depending on the type of test used to return a result, an additional sample must then be taken for NAAT testing....
Whether FDCs can deliver HBV antigens to B cells in the form of HBsAg–HBsAb ICs and whether they can restore the immune functions of HBV-specific B cells warrant further study. It should be noted that the current study has limitations, especially a lack of in-depth functional research on...
Biomaterials are substances that can be injected, implanted, or applied to the surface of tissues in biomedical applications and have the ability to interact with biological systems to initiate therapeutic responses. Biomaterial-based vaccine delivery systems possess robust packaging capabilities, enabling ...
These particles are used in a recombinant form (HBsAg) to produce efficient vaccines. The atomic structure of the HBsAg particles is currently unsolved, and the only existing structural data for the full particle were obtained by electronic microscopy with a maximum resolution of 12 . As many ...
either fuse with Golgi-derived vesicles carrying HBsAg to form complete, enveloped HBV virions for secretion (virus release), or they can re-enter the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex to replenish the cccDNA pool, maintaining a dynamic balance of cccDNA within the cell [41,42]. These...
(G-H) ZNF148 overexpression reduced the concentrations of HBsAg and HBeAg, as measured by ELISA. (I) The results of Western blot analysis confirmed the decreased level of the HBc protein in ZNF148-overexpressing cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 Full size image ZNF148 silencing ...
For instance, elevated interstitial pressure within the tumor may restrict the permeation of drugs from vasculature to tumor tissue; insufficient lymphatic drainage could lead to a reduction in drug retention within the tumor; and the tumor stroma may form a physical barrier that impedes the ...
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is a common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. There are two types of hepatic vascular invasion: macroscopic and microscopic. Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is the most common form of macrovascular invasion of the PLC...
PML is negatively correlated with HBsAg because of proteasomal degradation or translocation of HBsAg to the nucleus [113, 114, 125, 126]. PML suppresses the early phase of HCC since it enhances DNA repair and induces resistance to IFN-α or DNA damage-induced apoptosis (Fig. 3A), but turns...