The adjoint method has long been considered as the tool of choice for gradient-based optimisation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is the independence of the computational cost from the number of design variables that makes it particularly attra
The adjoint method has long been considered as the tool of choice for gradient-based optimisation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is the independence of the computational cost from the number of design variables that makes it particularly attra
Korea 2 Chungnam Railway Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea * Correspondence: nhrim@cnu.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-42-821-8867 Abstract: In order to reduce the large damage caused by...