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One of the leading current trends in technology is the miniaturization of devices to the microscale and nanoscale. The highly advanced approaches are based on biological systems, subjected to bioengineering using chemical, enzymatic and recombinant metho
Human spermatogenesis is an intricate biological process that begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonia to give rise to primary spermatocytes which in turn undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes. After a second meiosis cycle, these secondary spermatocytes produce haploid ...
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S.A. and Europe [1, 2], is an extremely aggressive form of cancer [3]. When the widely known PDAC precursor, PanIN, progresses from stage I to stage III, it accumulates cellular atypia...
Infection with HIV, which culminates in the establishment of a latent proviral reservoir, presents formidable challenges for ultimate cure. Building on the hypothesis that ex-vivo or even in-vivo abolition or disruption of HIV-gene/genome-action by targe
Cyclic-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 kinases, as the critical drivers of the cell cycle, are involved in the tumor progression of various malignancies. Pharmacologic inhibitors of CDK4/6 have shown significant clinical prospects in treating hormone receptor
DNA damage is a form of cellular stress, defined as any type of alteration in the DNA that disrupts its primary functions (replication and transcription) [1]. Cells possess DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms to counter DNA damage. The role of the DDR is to detect damaged DNA and signal...
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) recently received much attention due to its potential application in many fields such as medicine, nutrition and agriculture. Metabolic engineering is an efficient strategy to improve microbial production of 5-ALA. In this stu
The NHEJ process is relatively simple compared to HR, but it is the predominant DSB repair method in eukaryotic cells. In the classical NHEJ pathway, the ring-shaped Ku70/80 heterodimer first monitors the formation of DSBs and then rapidly binds to broken DNA ends to form Ku: DNA complexes...
[2,4,5]. SPO11-dependent DSBs are resected to form single-stranded DNA, which can then mediate strand invasion of a sister or homologous chromosome and be repaired as a reciprocal crossover, or non-reciprocal non-crossover [2,4,5]. Two major pathways, termed Class I and Class II, ...