It is a congenital deformity of the external genitalia, defined as abnormal positioning of the urethral opening caused by abnormal development of the urethral fold and the ventral foreskin of the penis [1]. This condition occurs during fetal development, when the urethral opening does not form ...
Without Shh, Gli3 has a repressor form (Gli3R). When Shh binds to Ptch and activates Smo, Smo converts Gli3R into an activated form (Gli3A). So, Gli3 works as a transcriptional factor with a dual function. The ratio of Gli3R/Gli3A is directly related to the control of several...
No Wart, Ground, or Ground-like domains could be detected in the genome of T. spiralis or in EST database searches restricted to Enoplea. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the Hog domains, XC Xhog1, Xhog2, Xhog3, and Ts Qua-1 form a clade with the Quahog proteins (Figure 5, 6,...
Many of the properties of the BBB are possessed by the endothelial cells (ECs) that form the walls of the blood vessels, and these properties are tightly regulated by both neural and immune cells. Important BBB properties include: 1) CNS ECs are joined together by tight junctions (TJs) ...
the tammar conceptus forms a unilaminar blastocyst of approximately 100 cells that lacks a readily defined pluriblast in the form of an inner cell mass. It can undergo a prolonged period of diapause. Thus, these differences highlight the developmental plasticity of mammalian embryos and genome ana...
The fast spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolates among infected individuals in recent years has raised serious concerns about public health and enormously complicated treatment options against this organism [6, 7]. The high ability of S. aureus to form a biofilm can account for...
A prevalent form of chemoresistance observed in numerous cancers is multidrug resistance (MDR) that is frequently mediated by P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and MDR-related proteins (MRP1 and MRP2) via ATP-dependent efflux [100]. Studies have reported that elevated expression of MDR1 and MRP1 in human...
[52]. An experiment suggest that Notch signal can induceSOX9expression to promoteSOX2transcription, andSOX2up-regulation reduces the methylation level ofNOTCH1promoter, which form a positive feedback loop to control the invasion of CSCs into the white matter tract in GBM [80]. As mentioned above...
Interestingly, plant Helitron RPAs (PHRPAs) are only found in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and they form a monophyletic group which branched off before the eukaryotic “core” RPAs. Conclusions Our data show how erosion of autonomous Helitrons can lead to different “levels” of ...
Second, a putative cyclodehydratase encoded by a neighboring gene joins the side chain of a Cys, Ser, or Thr residue to the carbonyl group contributed by the immediately N-terminally adjacent residue, with the elimination of a water molecule, to form a heterocyclic ring. Third, a dehydrogenase...