The M16 bolts were tightened to a bolt torque of 80 Nm, which was calculated using the bolt tension formula given in Smith, Ashby and Pascoe [20]. The equivalent torque for the M20 bolting is 88 Nm. These two torques generated, immediately on tightening, a predicted average compression stre...
For the test series flange material is taken from a 254x254x9.53 mm Pultex® SuperStructural 1525 series shape. Strengths are measured with the Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material oriented at either 0° or 90° to the direction of pultrusion. Four steel bolt sizes of M10, M12, M16...
The thickness of both the web and flange is 5 ± 0.3 mm. The dimensions are detailed in Figure 1. The bolt hole diameter of the drilled specimens is 12 ± 0.2 mm. The long axis and short axis of the bolt hole of the punched specimens is 24 ± 0.2 mm and 6 ± 0.2 mm, ...