of different media vehicles.Reach is typically expressed as a percent of the target audience:for example,if the target audience was 100.000 persons and the media schedule reached 70.000,the reach would be 70 percent.Ordinarily,costs rise at an increasing rate as higher levels of reach are sought...
An analytic signal is typically expressed as z(t) = a(t)ejϕ(t), with its real part s(t)=Rez(t) [1,5]. Thus, there is a relation of equivalence between the real signal s(t) and the associated analytic signal z(t). The reason the analytic associate, z(t), is used in ...
Thus, in the case of a two-sublattice structure, there should be a single oscillator response to a transverse electromagnetic field. The resonance frequency ωT is typically in the infrared range. Other phonon modes will usually also exist, but here we are only concerned with the infrared-...
The MW signal is digitalized by an analog-to-digital converter and then processed by Fourier analysis. However, the sampling rate and the power consumption of the analog-to-digital converter limit the real-time bandwidth to several hundreds of MHz. Typically, for a very large instantaneous ...
is determined by various factors. These factors include the flounced sectioned area,AT(inm2),the tip-speed ratio (TSR),λ,the power coefficient,Cp,of the rotor blades, the air density,ρ(inkg/m3),the wind speed,VW(inm/s),and the blade pitch angle,β. TheCpcan be expressed as follow...
Hence, due to the limited number of noisy pilots available for channel estimation, an oversampling factor is typically needed, that is, a more dense pilot pattern means better estimation performance. For the considered diversity-based transmission schemes, a problem is then encountered in uplinks:...
Neocortical responses typically adapt to repeated sensory stimulation, improving sensitivity to stimulus changes, but possibly also imposing limitations on perception. For example, it is unclear whether information about stimulus frequency is perturbed by adaptation or encoded by precise response timing. We...
is not exactly clear, but Gauss was the first to describe the fast Fourier transform (an algorithm for computing the DFT, popularized by Cooley and Tukey in 1965). Joseph Fourier, after whom the transform is named, first claimed thatarbitraryperiodic5functions can be expressed as a sum of ...
the inclusion of a shunt resistor from theVccsupplied and the device/system under measurement (note thatP=Vcc×Icc). This is typically a problem and only useful in certain conditions or environments. Another possibility is to use pass-through power meters as the ones provided for USB interfaces...
The Dick noise displayed in the Fig.4c, expressed in fractional units, is computed starting from the phase noise PSD\({S}_{\varphi }(f)\)using the expression37,38 $${\sigma }_{y}^{{{\rm{Dick}}}(\tau)=\frac{1}{\nu_{{{\rm{clock}}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{\tau}\mathop{\sum }...