The FT maps a 1D time signal x(t) into a 1D spectrum denoted (in the notation to be explained in this section) by Xπ/2(f). A shortcoming of the FT is that it does not give an obvious indication of the time location of the spectral components, which is an important characteristic...
The queue length (i.e., the number of packets in the queue) is denoted by Qnf for node n and flow f. Since wireless communications are used for each link, there could be collisions of data packets. Usually the relationship of interference among the network nodes is represented by a ...
whereg(θ1, ϕ1) is the angular distribution function of scattered photons at the last scattering radiusRS, beyond which the scattering process can be neglected. The value ofRS(f) is determined by numerical simulation and typically ranges from about 5 to 7R⊙, with a slight dependence on...
Quantum noise reduction and entanglement-enhanced sensing in the acoustic frequency range is an outstanding challenge relevant for a number of applications including magnetometry and broadband noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors. Here we expe
Assuming thatX(t) is the discrete time-varying volume process of an asset, we transform it into a series of discrete volumes, denoted by\(X_d(t)\), following the map described in D’Amico and Petroni (2012). Then, the sequence of discrete volumes\(\{X_d(t)\}_{t\in {\mathbb ...
materials in it. On the other hand, the scattered field is the electric field that goes out of the simulation after light has traversed through the material. That is, the scattered field is what a device like OCT would capture. In the following figure, the scattered field is denoted asE...
(i,j) of matrixAwhileai,j,k,lrefers to the entry (i,j,k,l) of the tensorMathML. Theith row andjth column ofAare denoted byMathMLandMathML, respectively.AT,A−1andA‡stand for transpose, inverse, and pseudo-inverse ofA, respectively. The operatordiag(·) forms a diagonal ...
of the total number of coefficients need to be implemented. Fig.2shows a transposed direct-form structure for implementing an FIR filter of even orderN, with coefficients denoted by\(h_0, h_1\ldots h_{N/2}\). The frequency response,H(z), of the symmetric FIR filter, is given by,...
The FDMA is the simplest scheme used to provide multiple access. It separates different users by assigning a different carrier frequency (see Figure 6.2). Multiple users are isolated using bandpass filters. In FDMA, signals from various users are assigned different frequencies, just as in an analo...
The NV center is a color center in diamond13 consisting of a nitrogen atom and a carbon vacancy in two adjacent positions of the diamond lattice (Fig. 1a). The negatively charged state (NV−, now-on simply denoted as NV) with two unpaired electrons has an electron spin equal to 1. ...