At its peak, the Ottoman Empire stretched from Budapest to Baghdad and encompassed almost the whole of the Balkans and the modern Middle East. In the West its name conjured images of fearsome armies and all the danger and allure of the Orient. Later it was always on the verge of collapse...
Tevye's Ottoman Daughter: The Making of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in the Shatterzones of Empire, 1882-1923 In existing scholarship on Jewish subjects of the Russian Empire, there were three typical fates available to Russia's Jews on the eve of the Bolshevik Rev... SM Zaides 被引量: ...
The Grand Lodge of Turkey was found in 1909 by 12 lodges existing then in the Ottoman Empire, attached to Italian, French (Grand Orient), Spanish and Egyptian Grand Lodges plus lodges attached to the Ottoman Supreme Council (founded in 1861). German, English, Scottish, Irish, Hungarian, ...
people observed two minutes of silence for Ataturk, stopping their cars and pausing their duties, as sirens wailed across the nation. It mentions he founded modern Turkey in 1923 after the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of World War I and comments that he promoted secularism, modernized ...