Ionic Reaction of Halogens with Terminal Alkenes: The Effect of Electron-Withdrawing Fluorine Substituents on the Bonding of Halonium Ions. Ionic reactions of terminal alkenes with chlorine (Cl[sub 2]), bromine (Br[sub 2]), and iodine monochloride (ICl) are sensitive to the alkyl substituents...
The liquid crystalline behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and established by X-ray diffraction. Combined hydrogen-bonding and ionic interactions resulted in supramolecular networks which have sufficient stability to maintain their structure at high ...
It is expected that their apatite-forming ability, and hence their bone-bonding ability, could be enhanced, if the calcium ions are incorporated into their surface titanium oxide layers instead of the sodium ions, because the calcium ions released from their surface layers can increase the ionic ...
Nitrogen-containing organic carbon (NOC) in atmospheric particles is an important class of brown carbon (BrC). Redox active NOC like aminophenols received little attention in their ability to form BrC. Here we show that iron can catalyze dark oxidative oligomerization ofo- andp-aminophenols under ...
ionic species under supercritical conditions. The self-ionization of liquid water as manifested by the ion product constant,Kw, changes as a function of temperature and pressure as the energetics of deprotonation of water molecules changes in response to related changes in the hydrogen bonding array....
the formation of Pd nanoparticles from the reduction of Pd ions is carried out first, and then the Pd nanoparticles can serve as nuclei for the reduction of Ni ions to give DG-structured Ni. In contrast, with a decrease in the nucleation density (i.e., the number of Pd nuclei in the...
The organic silver salt according to the invention is relatively stable to light but is a silver salt which serves so as to supply silver ions and form silver images when heated to 80° C. or higher in the presence of an exposed photosensitive silver halide and a reducing agent. The organi...
If the bromide ion concentration is set to the above-mentioned range, the replenisher solution needs to contain the bromide ions at the concentration given by the following equation, provided that the replenisher solution preferably contains no bromide ion if the calculated value C is negative. C=...
Depending on the specific polymeric structure that has been chosen, these crosslinking attachments between the long “backbone” chains in a polymer can be formed by covalent bonding, by hydrogen bonding or similar ionic attraction, or by entangling chains that have relatively long and/or “grabby...
As used herein, “impedance” is a general expression applied to any electrical entity that impedes the flow of ions. Impedance is used to denote a resistance, a reactance, or a combination of both reactance and resistance, with units of Ohm (Ω). As used herein, “ionophores” refer to...