15,16,17 used numerical simulation to solve the Navier–Stokes equations of unsteady and compressible flows, and studied the changes of the flow field and temperature field near the plate stack. It was found that compared with the results of linear theoretical calculation, the calculated ...
The constitutive equations of PTFE/Cu materials at room temperature are fitted without considering the influence of temperature softening effect. The specific parameters are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Shock equation of state parameters and Johnson–Cook parameters of PTFE/Cu material. Full size table...
4.1.1 Governing equations The gas dominates over dust by mass in the interstellar medium (ISM) by a factor ρg/ρd∼100 [154, 155]. This ratio is usually assumed to be similar in (young) protoplanetary discs, although CO emission suggests that the gas may be somewhat depleted with resp...
To assess factor influence (Table 9), the sum of squares is calculated using Equations (7)–(9). This forms the basis for comparing mean-centered variation (Equation (10)), leading to percentage factor influence determination (Equation (11)): 𝑇=∑𝑛𝑖=1𝑌𝑖T=∑i=1nYi (7) ...
In addition, equations for the implementation of this model are derived in a co-rotational coordinate system that remains Cartesian but rotates with the material body. Since the pressure insensitive model is a special case of the general model, this paper also describes the equations to implement ...
Material model during heat treatment To describe the particle coarsening and static recovery during intermediate heat treatments, simple equations based on physical observations are used. Isothermal ageing model During age hardening, Guinier Preston (GP) zones nucleate and grow from the quenched solid ...
In addition to Hollomon's and Swift's laws, several other flow curve equations (Palaniswamy and Billur 2012), such as Ludwik, Fields, and Backofen, are widely employed. Flow stress curves are very important in design of metal forming processes, since they describe material behavior during defo...
An optimum instruction forming means 4 determines the operation method having the smaller number of formed instructions in the whole equations based upon the forecasted result of the means 3 and forms an object program 8 from an intermediate language 7 whose equations are decomposed. Thus, the ...
The latter contain equations or dependence conditions for operating on variable samples from data nodes to which they are linked by arrows (‘arcs’ in BN terminology). Top level nodes, representing the key outputs from the BN networks are coloured for identification purposes....
Calculated bulk modulus versus shear modulus (B/G) ratios of Al–Fe IMCs based on the present DFT calculations; see details in TableS3. Note that Pugh’s criterion11of 1.75 is a rough value to separate the ductile and brittle materials, as discussed in the authors’ responses to Reviewers ...