Flight is the characteristic adaptation of birds. The energetic cost of moving a unit of weight a unit distance in air (the dimensionless cost of transport ) is rather low. For a given body mass, flying is a far more inexpensive way to move than is running, although it is more expensive...
Adaptation for flight is highly developed inbirdsandinsects. Thebatis the only mammal that accomplishes true flight.Flying squirrelsglide rather than fly, as doflying fishand flying lizards. The extinct flying reptiles known aspterosaursare believed to have been the largest known animals capable of...
Flight distance is reduced in urban environments due to cold winters and adaptation of birds to the proximity of humans. Adaptation to the proximity of humans should be particularly advantageous during adverse environmental conditions because the ability to withstand proximity to humans allows for exploit...
Protein loss during long-distance migratory flight in passerine birds: adaptation and constraint During long-distance flights, birds catabolize not only fat but also protein. Because there is no storage form of protein, protein catabolism entails a str... R Schwilch,A Grattarola,F Spina,... -...
摘要: In-air measurements of northern bald ibises flying in a V formation show that the birds conform to predictions for saving energy by regulating their relative body position and synchronizing their flapping motion. See Letter p.399关键词:...
5) Flush distance 惊飞距离 1. Flush distance,how close one can get to a bird before it flushes,reflects the adaptation of birds to human intrusion. 惊飞距离是指人在鸟类惊飞之前能接近鸟类的距离 ,反映了鸟类对人为侵扰的适应程度。6) flushing distance 惊飞距离 1. The results indicates ...
Birds have the largest eyes, both relatively and absolutely, of any of the terrestrial vertebrates. Large avian eye size has been hypothesized to be an adaptation to flight as part of Leuckart's Law, the idea in biology that more swiftly moving animals have larger eyes. Increased spatial resol...
Migratory birds have been implicated in the spread of some zoonotic diseases, but how well infected individuals can fly remains poorly understood. We used western sandpipers, Calidris mauri, to experimentally test whether flight is affected when long-distance migrants are mounting an immune response ...
birds typically operate in a low Re regime (O(102)–O(104))3,4,5. They can generate large aerodynamic forces by effectively utilizing the unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms5,6, which prevail in this low Re flow regime. These unsteady mechanisms include the delayed stall of the leading-edge ...
Flight can drastically enhance dispersal capacity and is a key trait defining the potential of exotic insect species to spread and invade new habitats. The phytophagous European spongy moths (ESM, Lymantria dispar dispar) and Asian spongy moths (ASM; a m