Fixed costs are calculated in a fixed currency divided by the total net filtrate production over the complete lifecycle, so they depend on the on-line time of the desalination plant: the shorter the on-line time the higher the fixed costs will be. When the plant is not producing water this...
Common to both procedures was the use of an adjusting ratio response requirement which increased or decreased in accordance with the avoidance performance. In one procedure, shock was delivered at the end of a fixed duration warning period if the required number of responses had not been performed...
(UOC) is usually calculated as the ratio of annual operating cost divided by annual production. If the entire life cycle of the field is considered, then the unit cost is referred to as life-cycle cost (LCC) or average cost. Crude oil,natural gas liquids, and natural gas are often ...
It is usually divided into three levels, primary tars, secondary tars, as well as tertiary tars. Primary tars, including oxygenated organic compounds (alcohols, carbon acid, ketones, aldehydes, etc.) and aromatic compounds (cresol, xylenol, etc.), form by the pyrolysis of cellulose, ...
cost. Even greater reduction of the problem size can be achieved by incrementally constructing the normal equations,S′TS′=S′Tr′ (Spencer and Gubbins, 1980), resulting in a system of equations that is only 20000 by 20000. Unfortunately, the cost of this last step is a squaring of the ...
For example, in the case of measuring the average length, diameter, and unit density (mass of the pellet divided by its volume) at least a 100 pellets are required to decrease the error according to the central limit theorem (ε ∼ √1 N ), where ε is the error and N is the ...
The pilot can easily cede flight control authority to the onboard computer by flipping a switch on the remote control radio. Regaining control of the air vehicle from the onboard computer is just as easy. The peripheral sensors are divided into three major groups. The first group is the GPS...