However, for a simple solid, the internal energy U is not simply given by U = ncvT, where n is the number of moles, cv is the molar heat capacity at constant volume, and T is the temperature. In fact, the internal energy of a simple solid is more accurately described by the ...
where C refers to specific heat capacity and c refers to molar heat capacities, a polytropic equation can be derived in the form \begin{aligned} pV^\alpha =e^{\frac{\hat{V}-\hat{p}}{c-c_V}},\quad \alpha =\frac{c-c_p}{c-c_V}, \end{aligned} (2) where the hatted variab...