In this expression,\({A}_{{ij}}\)denotes the weight of the edge (link) connecting vertices\(i\)and\(j\). The value of\({k}_{i}\)is the sum of the weights of all edges connected to vertex\(i\), represented by\({\sum }_{j}{A}_{{ij}}\). The variable\({c}_{i}\)...
Financial fraud is generated by weaknesses in companies’ control mechanisms, which are analyzed based on the variables that allow them to materialize. These include opportunity, motivation, self-fulfillment, capacity, and pressure. Some of these are comprehensively analyzed by Donald Cressey through the...
Financial fraud is generated by weaknesses in companies’ control mechanisms, which are analyzed based on the variables that allow them to materialize. These include opportunity, motivation, self-fulfillment, capacity, and pressure. Some of these are comprehensively analyzed by Donald Cressey through the...
when offered a financial incentive to stop smoking, several mechanisms are triggered for the woman in question. The financial incentive supports an existing desire many pregnant women have to embrace healthy behaviours such as stopping tobacco use, ...
Ecological destruction poses a grave risk for human survival worldwide, and countries are now confronted with a growing challenge to achieve sustained growth essential for the citizens' wellbeing by transitioning to alternative energy sources [8]. Moreover, from an environmental standpoint, the ...
Exploring a comprehensive “cradle to grave” financial literacy program (Sundarasen et al., 2013) involving schools, parents, businesses, and government can empower women throughout their lives and foster financial independence. These studies pave the way for gender equality and improve women's ...
Consider why the domestic liabilities of commercial banks, trade 'at par' – i.e. at a one-to-one exchange rate – REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY 799 with the liabilities of the central bank. This par relationship is underpinned by a sophisticated public backstop infrastructure for ...
These include a risk-based “capital surcharge” for global systemically important banks, requirements for holding long-term debt and a minimum amount of total loss-absorbing capacity, and requirements that certain foreign banking organizations form intermediate holding co...
India, in contrast to many other nations, has the potential to produce more than 1000 Gigawatt (GW) of renewable energy. It now ranks fourth globally for installed renewable energy capacity (including large hydro), fourth for wind power, and fourth for solar power (Report2022). As of Octobe...
This chapter assesses the financial monetary system on the basis of four characteristics: (1) its economic contribution; (2) its stability; (3) its fairness in the distribution of benefits, costs and risks; and (4) its legitimacy. Based on this analysis,