2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sand characteristics and Schmutzdecke inoculum Both virgin sand and used washed sand were used in this study (Table S1). The virgin sand with no history of use, obtained from the drinking water production company Waternet (Netherlands), included both fine (D50=0....
A: Although the pump on the trolley can pump 26 GPM, filtration rate will depend on filter surface area, porosity of paper/cloth used, filter aid used, solvent used, rate of solvent dissolution (ie 10:1), liquid temperature, viscosity, percentage of solids in suspension, suspended particle ...
For instance, Lagrangian methods are widely used to model the motion of general pollutants in waterbodies34,35,36. In these models, pollutants are treated as particles whose movement is driven by local hydrodynamics, such as tides and currents. As models advance in complexity, there has been a...
When sumps were full, conventional water quality was recorded for each treatment (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen) and samples were collected for water chemistry analyses (see Methods Section 2.5 Water chemistry). To start the exposure, the flow-through input of clean water was turned off and ...
among consumers about the ill effects of consuming contaminated water, along with the declining levels of potable water, has resulted in a significant shift in consumer preferences from conventional water purification methods such as boiling, addition of chlorines or iodine to technology-based system...
Respirators, medical masks, and barrier face coverings all filter airborne particles using similar physical principles. However, they are tested for certification using a variety of standardized test methods, creating challenges for the comparison of dif
For our purposes, we require one-dimensional continuum-scale models comprising systems of partial differential equations. In this manner, we are able to compute detailed transient simulations with spatial dependencies. At first glance, this modeling technique might seem outdated in terms of methods for...
The chip technology has been used to replicate renal structures, including proximal tubules (16-19) and, in few instances, the glomerular compartment (20-22). However, in the majority of the current “glomerular chips,” podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells are separated by a synthetic ...
The silica layer (4) stabilizes the macromolecule membrane structure (2) and the water-channeling IMPS (1) while maintaining the water-channeling function of the water-channeling IMPs (1). As a consequence of this stabilization, the macromolecule membrane structure (2) may be used in a ...
Standards governing face masks differ in the test methods used to determine sub-micron particle filtration efficiency (PFE), such that the meaning of PFE is not universal. Unifying the meaning of PFE requires data using these different test methods to drive improvements in standards. This simple ...