Microbial fermentation involves the selection of feedstock, strains, and fermentation modes. Each step can potentially affect the yield and purity of the final product. Therefore, there are still many critical challenges in lactic acid production. The costs of feedstocks and energy; the inhibition of...
Syngas fermentation involves the usage of acetogenic bacteria (acetogens) that can naturally assimilate CO and/or H2 as electron donors, and CO2 as an electron acceptor which ultimately lead to fermentative products that include acetate, ethanol, lactate and 2,3-butanediol (Abrini et al., 1994...
Processing of black tea involves the following steps: plucking, withering, crushing, tearing and curling, fermentation, drying, sorting, and packaging. Fermentation is the most important step in determining the final quality of the processed tea. Fermentation is a time-bound process and it must ...
The first phase involves the hydrolysis of complex organic materials into simple organic materials such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. In the acidogenic phase, the soluble products from the previous step are converted into volatile organic acids, alcohols, CO2, H2, and new bacterial ...
Klebsiella pneumoniae has been known to be able to grow anaerobically with citrate as the sole carbon source. During the past decade, the physiology, biochemistry, and regulation of this pathway have been extensively studied in K. pneumoniae [1–4]. The fermentation process involves uptake of ...
Subsequent purification typically involves a number of steps involving varying techniques such as filtration, precipitation, cesium chloride/ethidium bromide density gradients; and various forms of chromatography including ion/anion exchange, gel permeation, and reverse phase chromatography. Typically, several ...
The purification procedure involves filtration, solvent extraction, decolorization, and back extraction with base solution, crystallization, washing and drying for penicillin [67]. Cephalosporin is being purified with an even more expensive chromatographic method, which requires several steps [6]. The ...
The first process involves extraction from the tissues of rooster combs, which faces challenges in extraction, possible degradation, high purification costs, and potential contamination risks like viruses [30]. The second process is employed through fermentation by Streptococcus strains, which yields HA ...
Fermentation involves the action of enzymes and catalysts derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and moulds for the chemical transformation of the complex organic compounds in the substrate into simpler, bioactive, functional, and nutritious compounds [10]. There are several classification ...
Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP. It is called anaerobic because it occurs in the absence of oxygen. Lactic acid is generated as a byproduct of this reaction, which is what gives this...