Full size image These intractable mixtures, which invariably result in very low yields of individual components, difficult to isolate, cast doubt on our conventional approaches to solve the origin-of-life puzzle (Schwartz2007,2013). Regarding the formose reaction, it is currently assumed that minera...
proton, one of the three basic subatomic particles—along with neutrons and electrons—that make up atoms, the basic building blocks of all matter and chemistry. It is the positively charged particle that, together with the electrically neutral particles called neutrons, make up the nucleus of an...
The radiation was focused into a narrow beam after passing through a slit in a lead screen. A thin section of gold foil was placed in front of the slit, and a screen coated with zinc sulfide to render it fluorescent served as a counter to detect alpha particles. As each alpha particle ...
Neutron, neutral subatomic particle that, in conjunction with protons, makes up the nucleus of every atom except ordinary hydrogen (whose nucleus has one proton and no neutrons). Along with protons and electrons, it is one of the three basic particles ma
stands for aneutrino. Before the reaction there are two hydrogen nuclei (that is, two protons). Afterward there are one proton and one neutron (bound together as the nucleus of deuterium) plus a positron and a neutrino (produced as aconsequenceof the conversion of one proton to a neutron)...
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation 1912 Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid...
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation 1912 Nils Dalén Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid...
Electrons extracted from a glowing filament may be used to ionize gases. This is the basis for the electron bombardment ion source (seeFigure 1). A satisfactory electrode arrangement enables the production of a beam of ions much more nearlyhomogeneousin energy than with the arc, greatly simplifyi...
Most of the particle accelerators used in medicine and industry produce a beam of particles for a specific purpose—for example, for radiation therapy or ion implantation. This means that the particles are used once and then discarded. For many years the same was true for accelerators used in ...