Facial nerve, nerve that originates in the area of the brain called the pons and that has three types of nerve fibres: (1) motor fibres to the superficial muscles of the face, neck, and scalp and to certain deep muscles, known collectively as the muscles
Soft tissues are closed in layers.;EFFECT: method enables improving functional and aesthetic results in re-innervation of facial muscles by excising parotid parenchyma on the affected side, separating branches of the facial nerve from the parotid, extraction of sublingual nerve and dissection of 30鈥...
innervation (reviewed inDiamond et al., 2011). On the contrary, one often-overlooked type of anastomosis, namely the distal trigemino-facial, is of great interest to the topic of motor control of facial muscles. All facial branches, in their extra-cranial course toward facial muscles, undergo...
The first extracranial branch to arise is the posterior auricular nerve, providing motor innervation to the some of the extraarticular muscles. Immediately distal to this, motor branches are sent to the posteriorbellyof the digastric muscle and to the stylohyoid muscle. ...
Combining electrostimulation and dissections, the frontalis muscle, the depressor labii inferioris and the platysma showed little nerve recuperation whereas the sphincter muscles (orbicularis ori and oculi) were anatomically protected. Facial‐muscle innervation differed among individuals. We found complex ...
By controlling the facial muscles, the facial nerve allows us to change our facial expression, showing different emotions and assisting with talking and chewing to some degree. Its innervation of the stapedius muscle, a small muscle that stabilizes the stapes in the ear, allows it to control our...
upper facial motor nuclear regions receive scant direct cortical innervation from either side of the brain [107]. Therefore, upper facial movements are relatively preserved in upper motor neuron palsy because their motor neurons receive little direct cortical input, whereas lower facial muscles are ...
Studies of the corticofacial projections in monkeys suggested that the lower facial muscles receive direct inputs mainly from the contralateral M1, whereas the upper facial muscles receive scant direct M1 projections (Jenny & Saper, 1987; Morecraft et al. 2001). Cortical innervation of the upper...
4). This innervation pattern allows independent lower facial movement. Further, in the process of recognizing a person’s face, the brain appears to interpret the upper face separately from the lower face. Table 2 shows which branches of the facial nerve innervate which facial muscles. Sign in...
Facial muscles that have been reversibly paralyzed can be successfully restored with the use of nerve transfers as their nerve motor units will respond to ingrowing axons. After 6 months, the muscle atrophy and weakness are irreversible due to a deteriorated intramuscular nerve sheath and the loss...