in turn, are made up of tissues that carry out a particular function. The tissues consist of cells that perform various metabolic activities. There are two major types of cells: somatic cells and sex cells (i.e.sperm cells and
Paleobiology –the study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms Parasitology –the study of parasites and parasitism Pathology –the study of the nature of the disease and its causes, processes, develop...
In most cases, mutualism is beneficial for both species. However, there are some cases where the relationship can become unbalanced, and one species may start to harm the other. This is not mutualism and it is called parasitism. How is mutualism different from symbiosis? Mutualism and symbiosis...
partner benefits, typically by stealing food from the host or eating its tissues, but the host is neither benefited nor harmed (commensalism); and relationships in which the host is harmed, usually because the symbiont consumes nutrients or tissue faster than the host can replace it (parasitism)...
Previously, symbiosis is restricted to a mutualistic relationship wherein both organisms benefit from the interaction. At present, the scope of the term became broader. Now, it includes other forms of associations such as parasitism and commensalism. Thus, to this definition of symbiosis — a long...
s immune systemby producing microbialtoxinsand causing immunosuppression.Optimal virulenceis a balance between spreading to additional hosts for resource parasitism while keeping virulence low enough to ensure host survival for vertical transmission to offspring.Virulence factorsare molecules or structures ...