This is also called innate immunity. It includes: Physical barriers, like skin and mucous membranes Chemical deterrents, like antimicrobial enzymes in bodily fluids and stomach acid Reflexes, like coughing and sneezing Cells, like macrophages, basophils, and natural killer T-cells Natural killer T-...
This includes the opening of epithelial barriers to establish bacterial growth in deeper tissues of the host and to modulate immune cell functions. To achieve this, many toxins share the ability to enter mammalian cells, where they catalyze the modification of cellular proteins. The enzymatic ...
innate immune system provides this kind of nonspecific protection through a number of defense mechanisms, which include physical barriers such as theskin, chemical barriers such as antimicrobial proteins that harm or destroy invaders, and cells that attack foreign cells and body cells harbouring ...