At the beginning of the study, the researcher asks the participants to rate their back pain on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating the greatest level of pain. After 4 weeks of twice weekly acupuncture, the participants are asked again to indicate their level of back pain on a scale...
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test determines whether there is a statistically significant difference in the median of a dependent variable between two related groups. It is the nonparametric equivalent to the paired t-test. As the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test does not assume normality of the differences ...
Lantz CA, Nebenzahl E: Behavior and interpretation of the kappa statistic: resolution of the two paradoxes. J Clin Epidemiol 1996,49(4):431–434. CrossRef Agresti A: A model for agreement between ratings on an ordinal scale. Biometrics 1988, 44:539–548. CrossRef Schmidt ME, Steindorf...
Measures of function in low back pain/disorders: Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE), Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS), and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) Arthritis Care Res, 63 (2011), ...
phenomena such as the prototypicality preference and “fear of unknown” effect, both of which address our tendency to prefer familiar stimuli representative of an average, as evolutionarily this indicates progress in terms of recognition and interpretation of the ...
As the results of the cluster analysis are also relevant for the interpretation of the discrete choice experiment, the results are shown first. Overall, we identified 4 clusters based on 9 statements (Table 4). The clusters are further described by sociodemographic factors and the frequency with ...
Item 2 – I am satisfied with the timeliness of the service provided. Item 3 – The time I waited for services was reasonable. Item 4 – I am satisfied with the services I received. These questions all use a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 Very Dissatisfied to 5 Very Satisfied. Yo...
In this post, I’ll show you how the Chi-square test of independence works. Then, I’ll show you how to perform the analysis and interpret the results by working through the example. I’ll use this test to determine whether wearing the dreaded red shirt in Star Trek is the kiss of ...
Assumption #1: Your two variables should be measured on an ordinal scale or a continuous scale (i.e., an interval or ratio scale). Examples of ordinal variables include Likert scales (e.g., a 7-point scale from "strongly agree" through to "strongly disagree"), amongst other ways of ...
We do not recommend this procedure, however, as it may alter the interpretation of the variable (Hair et al., 2019). When SEM estimators that are robust to nonnormality are available, they should be prioritized. PLS-SEM is especially useful when the user's structural model objective is to...