We review some recently published results on sex chromosomes in a diversity of species. We focus on several fish and some plants whose sex chromosomes appear to be ‘young’, as only parts of the chromosome are nonrecombining, while the rest is pseudoaut
A swarm system, as a kind of complex dynamic evolutionary system, contains a large number of random and nonlinear factors, such as changes in the environment and interactions between individuals29. In a mathematical sense, dynamics (dynamic systems) refers to a discipline that studies the evolution...
Carriers usually develop VoLTE in four distinct stages – a complex process, one that requires a great deal of engineering and re-engineering, and yet worthwhile, as VoLTE represents a path to the future, not just a fancier way of delivering voice. Fast-changing behavior Never before have peop...
The first pathway was discovered about 50 years ago [26], is the most widely distributed, and it has been reported in eubacteria, archaea, fungi, insects, and plants. It involves two enzymatic steps catalyzed by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-phosphatase (TPP). TPS ...
(especially in classrooms) as a “fairly rigid sequence of steps, followed like a recipe and leading to irrefutable results” (McComas et al.1998). This long-standing hegemony of realism in science has, however, coexisted uneasily, almost since science began, with another very different line ...
The COM data is processed inside the simulation loop in successive steps: “COM data processing”, “energy calculation”, “calculation of transition time”, and “switch to new state”. The “COM data processing” package derives the misorientations and radii of curvature of the interfaces in...
To run the annotation steps efficiently, the main assembly file was split up into smaller subfiles using BBMap v38.73 parition.sh [127]. Each subfile contained about 5% (or 72) of the contigs from the main file. The tool MAKER v3.01.02-beta [35] was used and run through four rounds ...
Context. The upcoming new generation of optical spectrographs on four-meter-class telescopes, with their huge multiplexing capabilities, excellent spectral resolution, and unprecedented wavelength coverage, will provide invaluable information for reconstructing the history of star formation in individual galaxie...
Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B, Marais G (2005) Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Heredity 95:118–128 CAS PubMed Google Scholar Cioffi MB, Sánchez A, Marchal JA, Kosyakova N, Liehr T, Trifonov V et al (2011) Cross-species chromosome painting tracks the independent...
distance of each cluster and the overall connected distance of the network. It provides a hierarchical approach to cluster and to visualize the structure of a complex network at various resolution levels. Here we briefly describe the four steps in the MSC procedure as in the flowchart of Fig.1...