A simple method comes from the Euclidean distance of two N-dimensional vectors p and q. The formula is dE2(p,q)=∑i=1N(pi−qi)2=(p−q)⋅(p−q)T. Using the Euclidean metric to measure similarity is sometimes inappropriate. If some components of the two vectors do not match,...
Chovitz, B.: A general formula for ellipsoid-to-ellipsoid mapping. Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini 15, 1–20 (1956) Google Scholar Chovitz, B.: Perspective projections in terms of the metric tensor to the second order. Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini 37, 451–463 (1978...