The measures of ethnicity in the reviewed studies were generally of high quality, typically based on validated methods such as the UK census and parent- or self-reported ethnicity. However, the use of broad ethnic categories (e.g. White, Asian, Black, and ‘Other’) may limit the internal...
Aspinall, P.J.Elsevier LtdPublic HealthValles, SA, RS Bhopal, and PJ Aspinall. 2015. Census Categories for Mixed Race and Mixed Ethnicity: Impacts on Data Collection and Analysis in the Us, Uk and Nz. Public health 129 (3):266-270....
Racial and ethnic categories used by the U.S. government reflect their times. In 1820, the category “Free Colored People” was added to the decennial census to reflect the increase in free Black people. In 1850, the term “Mulatto” was added to the...
Census Categories In the English-speaking world, popular conceptions of 'race' and 'ethnicity' have been powerfully influenced by the requirements of governments when they carry out population censuses, issue pass- ports and visas and compile official records. US censuses have, from This open ...
Ethnic categories, which are predefined by the Office for National Statistics, have limitations; they group people with varying identities and cultures. It has been argued that creating broad classifications is a form of systemic discrimination [31] and that collective terminology should only be used...
aThe ethnicity monitoring categories below are based on those used in the 2011 Census (England & Wales) and are endorsed by the UK Commission for Racial Equality 如下种族监视类别根据用于2011年人口调查的那些(英国&威尔士)和由英国委员会签名为种族平等[translate]...
14 Currently, the School Census includes 14 support/EHCP categories: (1) specific learning difficulty; (2) moderate learning difficulty; (3) severe learning difficulty; (4) profound and multiple learning difficulties; (5) speech, language, and communication needs; (6) hearing impairment; (7) ...
Towards such ends, through projects of enumeration like the census (Cohn 1987), ethnicity was typically associated with discrete, singular, and essentialised categories of social identity that were perceived as biologically determined. In other words, people were understood to have essential, inborn,...
Screening status also varied by deprivation: there was little difference in the proportions that were screen-detected across the deprivation categories, but there was a clear increase in the proportion who were lapsed or non-attenders from the least to the most deprived (Po0.001). Survival ...
Screen detection again conferred a clear benefit in both deprivation groups but, whether screen-detected or not, women in the middle and more deprived categories had significantly poorer survival (Figure 4B). At 5 years, there was a difference of 16% between the net survival of highest ...