The present series of investigations sought to determine which cell type within the tumor is responsible for local estrogen biosynthesis, and whether or not the amount produced is biologically important. Accordingly, we utilized an indirect immunohistochemical scoring method (H-score) to determine the ...
However, it is now apparent that much of this effect, particularly as it relates to the regulation of bone resorption, is through regulation of the production of immune cytokines produced by bone cells themselves, as well as by cells of the immune system, such as T and B lymphocytes. These...
Th1 is the branch of the immune system that is characterized by inflammation. Here, the immune system “attacks” cells that it identifies as foreign or “non-self” cells. Estrogen appears to enhance this Th1 response, and low progesterone appears to do the same. This may be another connect...
Estrogen, which is mainly produced by the ovary and placenta of female animals, acts as a critical hormone that promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of sexual organs [5]. The biosynthesis relies on the function of CYP19a1, also called aromatase, performing t...
endogenous estrogen is no longer produced and controlled concentrations of estradiol are given to the mice. The effect of estrogen via ERα on cartilage morphology, cell proliferation, cartilaginous matrix production, protease activity, and extracellular matrix integrity was assessed. In-depth transcriptome...
Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is an essential cellular process imperative for energy homeostasis, development, differentiation, and survival. However, the intrinsic factors that bring about the sex-biased differences in liver autophagy are still
(LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like cells, the expression of GSTP1 was upregulated, which promoted the decrease of NF-κB expression by inhibiting the degradation of IκB-α and inhibited the production of inflammatory factors [127]. It also led to a decrease in the levels of TNF and NO [...
Endogenous estrogen is produced predomi- nantly in the ovarian theca cells in premenopausal women and in the breast stromal adipose cells in postmenopausal women. The present study focuses on CYP17 and CYP19, two key genes that control the biosynthesis of estradiol and estrones from their lipid...
When talking about estrogen dominance, estradiol is the prominent estrogen involved. Both estrogen and progesterone work together, and while these hormones play a big role in women, they also are produced in men as well. In both men and women, estrogen and progesterone need to be in a...
The authors conclude that peripheral progesterone concentration is not a factor which controls the production rate. Dihydroprogesterone isomers. Sholl and Wolf (1974) report that 20α- and 20β-isomers of dihydroprogesterone are produced both by the ovary and the feto-placental unit. The 20α-...